Astivya notes

Discount   The discount is referred to the reduction in the price of some commodity or service. It may anywhere appear in the distribution channel in the form of modifications in marked price (printed on the item) or in retail price (set by retailer usually by pasting a sticker on the item) or in list price (quoted for the buyer). The discount is provided … Read more

  Partnership : Partnership is an association of two or more parties, they put money for business.         Simple Partnership: Simple partnership is one in which the capitals of the partners are invested for the same time. The profit or losses are divided among the partners in the ratio of their investments. … Read more

  Ratio Introduction: Ratio is the relation which one quantity bears to another of the same kind. The ratio of two quantities a and b is the fraction a/b and we write it as a: b. In the ratio a: b, we call a as the first term or antecedent and b, the second term or consequent.   … Read more

      Introduction: There are four main directions – East, West, North and South as shown below:         There are four cardinal directions – North-East (N-E), North-West (N-W), South-East (S-E), and South-West (S-W) as shown below:       Key points   At the time of sunrise if a man stands facing the east, his shadow will be towards west. At the … Read more

  In this module we will deal with basic concepts of time and distance, speed, average speed, conversion from km/h to m/s and vice versa. This chapter will form the basis of further concept of relative speed which is used in train and boat problems. Important Formulas Speed=Distance/Time Distance=Speed×Time Time=Distance/Speed To convert Kilometers per Hour(km/hr) … Read more

  Introduction Money is not free and it costs to borrow the money. Normally, the borrower has to pay an extra amount in addition to the amount he had borrowed. i.e, to repay the loan, the borrower has to pay the sum borrowed and the interest. Lender and Borrower The person giving the money is … Read more

  Speed has no sense of direction unlike the velocity. Relative speed is the speed of one object as observed from another moving object. Questions on train are the classic examples of relative speed and in all these questions it is assumed that trains move parallel to each other – whether in the same direction … Read more

  Percentage Percent means for every 100 So, when percent is calculated for any value, it means that we calculate the value for every 100 of the reference value. percent is denoted by the symbol %. For example, x percent is denoted by x% x%=x/100 Example : 25%=25/100=1/4 To express x/y as a percent,we have x/y=(x/y×100)% Example : … Read more

  Alligation It is the rule which enables us to find the ratio in which two or more ingredients at the given price must be mixed to produce a mixture of a specified price. Mean Price Mean price is the cost price of a unit quantity of the mixture   Suppose a container contains x … Read more

  Mensuration is the branch of mathematics which deals with the study of different geometrical shapes, their areas and Volume. In the broadest sense, it is all about the process of measurement. It is based on the use of algebraic equations and geometric calculations to provide measurement data regarding the width, depth and volume of a … Read more