Haryana, a state in northern India, exhibits a diverse landscape characterized by a variety of landforms. These landforms, shaped by geological processes and climatic conditions over millions of years, have given rise to distinct physiographic divisions. Understanding these divisions is crucial for comprehending the state's physical geography, natural resources, and human activities.
1. The Shivalik Hills:
Located in the northeastern part of the state, these hills form the foothills of the Himalayas.
They extend through the districts of Panchkula, Ambala, and Yamunanagar.
The average elevation ranges from 600 to 1500 meters.
The Morni Hills, a popular tourist destination, are part of the Shivaliks and boast the highest peak in Haryana, Mount Karoh.
These hills are characterized by steep slopes, dense forests, and numerous streams.
Due to their elevation and forest cover, they receive higher rainfall than other parts of the state.
2. The Piedmont Plain:
This is a narrow strip of land lying between the Shivalik Hills and the alluvial plains.
It is formed by the deposition of sediments carried down by streams from the hills.
The soil here is relatively fertile and suitable for agriculture.
This region is also known as the 'Kandi' area and is characterized by gently sloping terrain.
3. The Alluvial Plains:
This is the largest physiographic division, covering most of the state.
It is formed by the deposition of alluvium brought by the rivers Yamuna and Ghaggar.
The plains are further divided into:
Bangar: Older alluvium, forming the slightly elevated uplands.
Khadar: Newer alluvium, forming the low-lying floodplains.
Naili: Intermediate zone between Bangar and Khadar.
Bet: Riverine islands within the Khadar.
The alluvial plains are highly fertile and support intensive agriculture, making Haryana a major contributor to India's food grain production.
4. The Aravalli Range:
Remnants of the ancient Aravalli Range are found in the southern part of Haryana.
These hills are characterized by their rocky terrain and sparse vegetation.
They act as a natural barrier between the Thar Desert and the Indo-Gangetic Plain.
The region is rich in minerals like quartzite, marble, and slate.
5. The Semi-Desert Plains:
Located in the southwestern part of the state, bordering Rajasthan.
This region is characterized by sandy soils, low rainfall, and high temperatures.
It is also known as the 'Bagar' region.
The presence of sand dunes and seasonal streams are typical features of this landscape.
Agriculture is limited due to the arid conditions, and animal husbandry is a more prominent livelihood.
Significance of Physiographic Divisions:
Agriculture: The fertile alluvial plains are the backbone of Haryana's agriculture, supporting the cultivation of crops like wheat, rice, and cotton.
Water Resources: The physiography influences the distribution of water resources. The Shivaliks and the Aravalli hills receive higher rainfall, feeding the rivers and streams that flow through the plains.
Mineral Resources: The Aravalli Range is a source of various minerals, contributing to the state's industrial development.
Tourism: The diverse landscape offers opportunities for tourism, with destinations like the Morni Hills, Sultanpur National Park, and the cultural heritage sites in the plains attracting visitors.
Environmental Concerns: Understanding the physiographic divisions is crucial for addressing environmental issues like soil erosion, water scarcity, and deforestation.
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